Variety Attribution

Variety attribution transforms coin collecting from a simple accumulation of dates and mintmarks into a sophisticated pursuit requiring sharp eyes and deep knowledge. Learning to identify die varieties opens doors to discoveries that can turn a common coin into a valuable rarity.

Understanding Coin Varieties

A variety is any coin that differs from the standard issue in some identifiable way. These differences fall into several categories. Hub varieties result from differences in the master design—like the famous 1909 VDB Lincoln cent. Die varieties come from individual die characteristics, including doubled dies, repunched mintmarks, and die cracks.

Error varieties occur during the striking process: off-centers, broadstrikes, and wrong planchet errors. Each category requires different attribution skills and references.

The Attribution Process

Successful attribution starts with knowing what to look for. Study the major varieties for your series until you can spot them instantly. The 1955 doubled die Lincoln cent has obvious doubling visible to the naked eye. Subtler varieties, like minor repunched mintmarks, require magnification and careful comparison to reference images.

Photography is essential for serious attribution work. Clear, well-lit images allow you to compare your coins against known varieties and share findings with other collectors. Many attributors use USB microscopes that connect directly to computers for real-time examination and documentation.

Key Attribution References

Every collectible series has specialized variety references. For Lincoln cents, look to Wexler and Flynn’s authoritative guide. Buffalo nickel collectors rely on the Breen and Wexler references. Morgan dollar enthusiasts consider the VAM (Van Allen-Mallis) catalog indispensable.

Online resources supplement printed references. Variety Vista, Wexler’s Die Variety Files, and CONECA’s website provide photographs and descriptions of thousands of documented varieties. These free resources help attributors identify discoveries and determine whether a variety is already known or potentially new.

Submitting for Professional Attribution

Major grading services offer variety attribution for significant discoveries. PCGS and NGC will note recognized varieties on holder labels, adding value and marketability. Attribution fees are modest compared to the potential increase in a coin’s worth.

For new variety discoveries, organizations like CONECA evaluate submissions and assign official designations. Having your discovery recognized and cataloged is one of numismatics’ most satisfying achievements.

Building Attribution Skills

Start by focusing on one series. Learn its known varieties thoroughly before expanding to others. Join variety collector clubs where experienced members help newcomers develop their skills. Examine every coin carefully—the next major discovery might be waiting in a roll of coins from your local bank.